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Science of Sleep
Sleep is the state of natural rest observed in all mammals, birds, and fish. It is characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement, decreased reaction to external stimuli, an increased rate of anabolism (the synthesis of cell structures), and a decreased rate of catabolism (the breakdown of cell structures). In humans, sleep is necessary for life. The capability for arousal from sleep is a protective mechanism and also necessary for health and survival. Technically, sleep is different from unconsciousness
Regulation of Sleep
The cycle of sleep and wakefulness is regulated by the brain stem, thalamus, external stimuli, and various hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Some neurohormones and neurotransmitters are highly correlated with sleep and wake states. For example, melatonin levels are highest during the night, and this hormone appears to promote sleep. Adenosine, a nucleoside involved in generating energy for biochemical processes, gradually accumulates in the human brain during wakefulness though decreases during sleep.
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